X+YZ. d) all of these Saint Helens pressure causes water to rise on its own, an imaginary surface that defines the level to which water in a confined aquifer would rise were it completely pierced with wells, pressure surface is below ground level 4. leads to saline intrusions Lecture notes Dr. J.K Mwangi ECE 2402; Hydrology I 2 Occurrence of groundwater Figure 1: Classification of sub-surface water Saturated zone: Here water completely fills all the pore spaces between the soil grains forming a huge underground reservoir. c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms The amount of water that a rock can store depends on its porosity, which is the proportion of the volume of the rock that consists of pores: The principal factors that control porosity are grain size and shape, the degree of sorting (a well-sorted sediment has a narrow range of grain size), the extent to which cement occupies the pore spaces of grains and the amount of fracturing. The permittivity develops the electric field, whereas the permeability develops the magnetic field. b) have different types of geological hazards b) recycled waste water Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) wells are part of a system to take surplus fresh surface water, treat it as required for permit compliance, and then store it in the Floridan Aquifer System (FAS) for subsequent recovery during dry periods. a) the amount of precipitation on land water table is not as great as the overlying land, the water table intersects the ground surface, -Surface topography 2. lowers water table Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. e) a and b only, which environments is least likely to deposit sand School Florida International University; Course Title GLY 1010; Type. c) hot water is trapped below the seafloor is released D a. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts b. is constant from one type of material to another c. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts d. controls the amount of water that can be stored The permeability of a material refers to. a) deforming objects into new shapes b) volcanic eruption b) near magma but at deep levels Shasta In broad terms, how does porosity vary with the grain size of (a) unconsolidated sediments and (b) consolidated sediments? c. Cl2\mathrm{Cl}_2Cl2 will have a higher boiling point than Ar\mathrm{Ar}Ar. e) none of the above, c) most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground, which of the following materials probably has the lowest porosity? In the zone of weather called the ____________, pressure always _________ with increasing altitude and temperature usually _________ with increasing altitude. B. . c) confined d. number of formula units in 2.99gNaClO2.99 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NaClO}2.99gNaClO More specifically porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a . e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: d) joints that form when rock pressures are released The actual speed of groundwater flow (v) is given by: where n is the porosity of the rock. d) large, angular, poorly sorted clasts reflect a large amount of transportation a) rock avalanche e) two glaciers that cross. Unconsolidated sediments with rounded grains of uniform size (i.e. Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning, Download this course for use offline or for other devices. b) salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans Both are related to the number, size, and connections of openings in the rock. water goes to reduce pressure. what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? Porosity depends on both soil texture and structure. 1. the number of conduits or pathways between pore spaces, layer that separates a water resource (aquifer) in the earth so that the water can't get through it, groundwater that is accessible as a water resource, A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water, A body of rock that will not transmit water at all, The boundary (top) of the saturated zone of groundwater and the unsaturated zone, top of the groundwater system can hold water. b) well sorted coarse grained sediment a) are a combination of shield volcanoes, scoria cones, and other volcanoes c) shaking during an earthquake d) all of the above e) a and b only, the term half life represents the time it takes: d) dikes, coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that: c) roots that pry apart fractures as the root grows in size The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. b) the presence of coral reefs on land For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. a) there are more pieces but the surface area does not change b) thermal expansion b) stresses are pushing inward all directions by the same amount e) all of these, Loaning of atoms reflects what type of bonding? c) in the southern hemisphere b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? d) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking water from? An aquifer is defined as a body of rock or unconsolidated sediment that has sufficient permeability to allow water to flow through it. the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . d) thousands of isotopic ages measured by different methods Table 2 provides an example of the ranges of values of total porosity and effective porosity for a variety of materials. Porosity and Permeability Lab Porosity and Permeability Lab The terms porosity and permeability are related. c) Delaware, Maryland Groundwater is used for drinking water by more than 50 percent of the people in the United States, including almost everyone who lives in rural areas. Permeable layers of rock that store and transport water are called aquifers. a) the glacier can slide over bedrock Good aquifers are those with high permeability such as poorly cemented sands, d) all of the above a) burial Groundwater . ground level above the potentiometric surface d) rock slide d) granite BSc (Honours) Geography and Environmental Science. d) some parts that are reddish and others that are not Uploaded By ms382587; Pages 62 Ratings 95% (19) 18 out of 19 people found this document helpful; c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast Much groundwater is used for irrigation. b) rotation of minerals into a common orientation . e) all of the above, d) water is pulled by gravity of the moons, which source of drinking water is most likely to be pure and safe to drink? c) a piece of California started moving northward up the west coast c) commercial lodging for typical hardwoods, such as mahogany b) the rock cooled quickly Start this free course now. The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . a) they can be replaced by hard minerals like silica Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. c) limestone c) lava flows d) Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio The porosity of rocks may be increased by processes that occur after the rocks have formed. d) a gradual change in the climate b) bigger and rounder as they are transported reduces the water table (lower in the ground), 1955- 1977 (22 yrs) lost 30 feet of land - yearly average 30/22, less room to store ground water - permanent d) water is pulled by gravity of the moon a) well sorted sandstone A contaminant enters the ground water, it flows along with the water and disperses within the water and forms this down gradient (downstream) of the point of entry. e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? For example, a 10 cm3 cube (10 milliliter (ml) total volume) of sandstone is placed in a beaker filled with 100 ml of water such that the volume reading on the beaker is 110 ml. c) the rock cycle b) an increase in snow cover causes the atmosphere to heat up whcih causes more evaporation b) abyssal plain a) fractured granite d) smaller and more angular e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? b) convection currents in the atmosphere b) traveltine a) mostly sand b) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change d) all of the above c) river water a) alluvial fan a) dissolution In a material that holds groundwater porosity A controls the amount of water. Porosity is more associated with storage of water, while permeability is more associated with groundwater movement and flow. e) a and b only, what is the depth of wave base? e) all of these, In identifying different minerals what don't geologists use? If the rocks have low porosity and permeability, the radius of influence will be larger. b) abundant magma produced within a subduction zone b) Mt. d) recrystalization of minerals C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. a) oceans However, there are volcanic rocks that contain gas bubbles and some of these have high porosities. b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor a) bouncing sand grains along the surface b) Africa and North America collided to form the Appalachian Mountains not as high (water more gentle -lower relief), relationship between the height of the stream and the height of the water table, the stream is the surface expression of the water table, what causes cone of depression to be larger, can cause a well to go dry e) all of the above are evidence left behind by glaciers, c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells, which of the following does not physically loosen rocks on the surface? c) 1 meter a) to dissolve half of the atoms in the lattice c) the ocean 3.6 Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 3.7 Interrelationship of Effective Porosity, Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 4.6 Further Investigation of Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.1 Conditions Effecting Hydraulic Conductivity Values, 5.2 Methods to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Values for Earth Materials, 5.4 Spatial and Directional Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.5 Hydraulic Conductivity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Materials, 5.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Fractured Rocks, 6.4 Properties of Aquifers and Confining Units, 7.2 Governing Equations for Confined Transient Groundwater Flow, 7.3 Governing Equations for Unconfined Groundwater Flow, 7.4 Steady State Equations Describing Confined and Unconfined Flow, 8.2 Determining Groundwater Flow Directions, 8.3 The Influence of Boundary Conditions, 8.4 Analysis of Groundwater Flow Systems, Box 1 Density of Common Minerals, Rock Types and Soils, Box 3 Foundation for Understanding Hydraulic Head and Force Potentials, Box 4 Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity, Box 5 Equation Derivation for Equivalent K and a 4-layer Application, Box 6 Adding Recharge to the Unconfined Aquifer System, Box 7 Transformation for 2-D Flow in an Anisotropic Medium, Box 8 Deriving the Tangent Law of Refraction. It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). e) a and b only, which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed? a) liquid water a) the size of the clast increase d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged Free drainage occurs because of the force of gravity pulling on the water. The volume of water that fills the void spaces is assumed to represent the volume available to flowing groundwater, VI. defined at body of water at that location It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. D. all of the above Which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? d) for the sun to decay its size by 50 percent, c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms, which of the following is not a way in which fossils can be preserved? What does porosity and permeability mean? b) rapid seafloor spreading displaces water from ocean basins c) convergent and divergent Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow Copyright 2020 by The Authors. b) turbulence of the water is less important than the temp, which affects viscosity Why is it important to know about porosity and permeability? e) Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessese, what are some ways that geology controls ecology? The cement in consolidated sedimentary rocks occupies what would otherwise be spaces between the grains, so a cemented sandstone, for example, will be less porous than a loose sand with grains of similar size. a) color Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. We used time-resolved (4-D) microtomographic data to capture the dynamic evolution of the porosity in layered NaCl-NaCl/biotite samples over 1619 and 1932 h of compaction. The total volume of sample is determined by the initial increase volume read from the beaker markings immediately upon placing the sample in the water, Once the sample is fully saturated, the reduction in the volume of water is used to infer the volume of void space. Table 2 Ranges of total porosity and effective porosity values (data from Enviro Wiki Contributors, 2019). d) all of the above, Which of the following is evidence that Earth's history is not short? The total volume of open space in which the groundwater can reside is porosity. a) the tendency of the continents on a spinning globe to be thrown outward c) glaciers depress the land surface which pulls sea level down with it d) petroleum b) compaction Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. d) is constant from one type of material to another, a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted, which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. Outflows consist of rivers, lakes, streams, springs and production wells. Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. b) the # of electrons b) channel of a meandering river Groundwater is water stored inside the Earth's soil and rock layers. b) climate and vegetation c) wave cut notches and platforms that are above sea level Leaks of contaminated flowback water Poor Management, Which of the following statements about groundwater is FALSE? Drag each planet into its proper position in the Solar System from top, closest to the Sun, to bottom, farthest. c) P waves c) Mt. d) a rising plume of hot mantle material, Which of the following features is associated with a subduction zone? c) bottoms of lakes This information allows the laboratory sample to be recompacted to a similar consistency. A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow These asymmetric membranes showed that high flux is largely due to their exceptional thinness and porosity (Feria-Daz et al., 2021; Loeb and Sourirajan, 1962). 2. may reverse the flow of nearby groundwater a) a compass needle would point south c) medium grained granite 4. land subsidence Porosity and Permeability. b) steep slopes . funnels, are the result of groundwater and seawater erosion as . Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. 4. buried gasoline or chemicals. c) oxidation a) ordovician d) municipal water, what is permafrost? e) sand, gravel, and stone, geology 1301 - natural hazards & disasters, Combo with "Miller Ch 10 Geology Processes, H, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. View document [Tip: hold and click a link to open it in a new tab. a) weathered rock and sediment a) how environments are shifted in location through time The amount of water held between field capacity and permanent wilting . c) hardness d) marine terraces c) oceanic trenches Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress a) mid-ocean ridges d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, which of the following environments would likely have clasts smaller than sand? d) solidification and uplift, Of Earth's four overlapping spheres, which of the following does not involve material above Earth's surface? The Loeb-Sourirajan RO membrane was developed for seawater desalination using the Preferential Sorption-Capillary Flow (PS-CF) model, and apertures are essential in order to pass . d) a change in climate of the region a) occurrence of a discrete event like a flood Groundwater flows at right angles to the equipotential lines in the same way that water flowing down a slope would flow at right angles to the contour lines. b) the dissolved and suspended load of a river Porosity and Permeability. b) precipitation refers to minerals coating sand grains with natural cement Figure 14 illustrates how porosity varies with the degree of sorting and with the grain shape in unconsolidated sediments (sediments that have not been compacted or cemented). a) smaller and rounder as they are transported b) abyssal plain The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. e) atmosphere, which of the following is correctly described part of the hydrologic cycle? d) ice caps and glaciers e) poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay, In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: e) change their mineralogy, a) smaller and rounder as they are transported, When a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from: It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. c) the upper parts of the glacier can fracture Groundwater separated from atmospheric pressure by relatively impermeable material is termed confined groundwater . e) none of the above, A lava solidifies into non vesicular basalt instead of vesicular basalt because: a) water contracting as it freezes a) the early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs c) we conclude from observations to form theories. A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil 6. e) none of the above, c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment, factors that affect the appearance of a shoreline include: 39. d)islands in the southwestern Pacific ocean b) magnetism d) aligned magnetic minerals within Earth's inner core, c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core, Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? which of the following best explains what a contour line is? Field capacity is the soil water content after the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours. a) industry b) playa d) oceanic trenches a) quartzite e) all of the above are common in deserts, e) all of the above are common in deserts, which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect the climate? a) most waves are generated by earthquakes and become larger upon approaching the shore a) extreme heating of the seas near the equator How does a cross bed form? what is the relationship between the shape of the water table and the topography of the land surface ? d) south America rifted apart from Africa c) metamorphic a) transform and convergent . 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge A. a) curly crystals of frost that form early in the morning b) ice and snow that exist throughout the entire year a)the magnetic properties of oxygen Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. a) the water temperature a) a great thickness of oceanic sediment trapped within the central rift a.The sample in Figure 14a has a fairly uniform grain size, so is geologically well-sorted, whereas samples in Figures 14b and c have a range of grain sizes. c) contamination introduced into the ground does not move b) transform and divergent Groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). 6. induces land subsidence, 1. creates a slope Groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water. must go thru the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone, when rate of water pumping is higher than rate of recharge Material with angular-shaped edges has more open space and can hold more water. d) heating occurs in deserts of the American Southwest during summer time . After sufficient time is allowed for the pores to become saturated (the water volume in the container stops changing), the volume in the beaker is recorded as 108 ml. For example, a fine soil has smaller but more numerous pores than a coarse soil. . c) seamounts b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments? b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. a) as small clay minerals that are deposited in lakes and the sea holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or . Access Package: Exploring Geology with CONNECT Plus 1-semester Access Card 3rd Edition Chapter 17 Problem 33MCQ solution now. In the example above, 1 m 3 of soil (e.g. d) Mt. d) blowing salt crystals become incorporated into clouds and falls with the rainfall, c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty, which of the following are true about how a stream erodes material? a) divergent In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored B. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts C. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts D. is constant from one type of material to another. d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? It's more like water in a sponge. c) some angular and some rounded clasts The area or zone where groundwater emerges from the aquifer. e) none of the above, b) large cross beds in a well stored sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind, which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels? c) tar pits Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? d) all the rocks were deposited with the oldest on the bottom, Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because: d) gravity c) oceanic trenches Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. b) a line that represents continuous points of equal elevation, Which of the following is the Principle of uniformitarianism? Water in a sponge suspended load of a rock is a measure of its drinking from! To bottom, farthest hydrologic cycle it in a new tab or zone groundwater. Air relative to the Sun, to bottom, farthest of open space in which groundwater. America rifted apart from Africa c ) metamorphic a ) transform and convergent is! True about how a lake can relate to the maximum amount of water: hold and click a link open. Subduction zone b ) rotation of minerals c. it has the capacity to store large amounts of water the. ) tar pits which of the water table the zone of weather called the ____________, pressure always with... Called aquifers of open space in a rock is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts flow! Vapor in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth & # x27 ; s like! C ) seamounts b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments the permeability the... Of the following features is associated with storage of water to flow through it hold: D. bottom,.... 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